The Definitive Guide to Roulette in 2023

Playing roulette is an art that any casino fanatic would love to master. Here we explain why you should never play American roulette , we explain strategies for European roulette and describe systems that professional players use to overcome the bank advantage and gain the upper hand in the game. You will learn to understand the chances of winning at roulette from a scientific point of view and you will learn everything about the different variants of the game.

You will also receive a lot of assistance in theory and practice that we have gathered from the experience of the leading roulette geniuses. Read our guide carefully to develop the ability to gain the edge over the bank.

Don’t forget one thing: Those who know how to correctly assess their chances of winning are lucky in the game – so you can only benefit from theoretical knowledge.

The basics

First, let’s clear up the most burning question: what is the problem with American roulette? In this roulette variant there is both the zero and the double zero in the wheel. In European roulette, on the other hand, there is only one single zero. This means that the bank advantage in European roulette is much lower – better for you – because it is 2.70% instead of 5.26% in the American version. In other words, you will be ripped off at American roulette. Don’t let that be done to you. Never. Always play European roulette !

Let’s take a closer look at the details of the different roulette versions.

The roulette variants

American and European roulette

As already mentioned, there are two different roulette variants that are usually offered and played both in online casinos and in real casinos. The name says it all: the first variant, European roulette, can be found most frequently on our side of the pond. It only differs from its American sister in one small but all the more important feature: In the European roulette wheel there is only one compartment for the zero (also French “zero”) while in the American wheel there is one compartment for the zero and another for the double zero there. This additional subject significantly increases the bank’s chances. As we have already noticed, every clever player should abandon this version of roulette.

European vs. French Roulette

In addition to the two roulette versions discussed above (which, apart from the additional zero, have no differences on the tableau), there is another variant, the French roulette.

The French roulette is similar to the European one in many ways, the decisive factor is that the number of chambers in the bowl is identical. But there are also two differences. First, all the names on the tableau are in French – no surprise with the name. And secondly, the so-called La Partage rule applies to the French version, according to which you only lose half of your stake on the easy chances if the ball hits zero.

So the two variants are very similar. If you can overlook the small language barrier and are proficient in European roulette, you should be able to get along well with the French variant. In the graphic you can see the European and French tableau again in comparison.

The roulette wheel

In real casinos, the roulette wheel is a little less than a meter in diameter. On the Internet, the size depends on which provider you play with, how big your screen and how high the resolution is.

There are 38 chambers in the American roulette wheel and 37 in the European one. The difference results from the fact that American roulette has a single zero and a double zero, while the European version only has one zero. Half of the compartments are red, the other half black, and the zero or double zero are green. Red and black alternate and are only interrupted by the green chambers.

At first glance, the arrangement of the colors seems to be random. Most of the time, however, the opposite numbers are consecutive, that is, the red odd numbers are normally opposite the black numbers that follow. Also interesting: Just like with the opposite sides of a dice, which together always add up to 7, you get either 37 or 39 if you add up the opposite numbers in the roulette wheel.

Originally a wheel of fortune – the history of roulette

Roulette is one of the most popular table games and a favorite of many players – in real, mobile and online casinos around the world. In its modern form, known to us today, it was first played in 18th century France. Its origins lie in the games Roly Poly and Ace of Hearts, which were played in England in the 17th century. It also includes elements from the Italian games Hoca and Biribi. The wheel itself originated from a wagon wheel – hence the name: ‘Roulette’ means ‘little wheel’ in French.

This is how you play roulette

The roulette rules are designed to give the bank an edge. Unless you know how to take advantage of them, but even then the advantage lies with the bank, i.e. the casino.

The core elements of roulette, both in a real casino and playing roulette online or on a mobile device, are the cauldron, the ball, the betting area (French: “tableau”) and the tokens (the game chips). In a real casino there is of course a croupier – the random number generator (ZZG) takes on this role online, unless you are playing with a live dealer.

The goal in roulette is to predict which number slot the ball will land in when the wheel has stopped spinning. The bets are made on the tableau: directly on the numbers, on the lines between several numbers or on the boxes that represent certain betting combinations. In roulette, players bet against the casino (including the bank) and not against other players.

It is no surprise that the casino has a statistical advantage on the odds of winning.

The aim of the game – How to beat the house

1. The goal for you as a player is to predict where the roulette ball will land.
2. This prediction can be made in a number of ways. You can bet on a single number, on a color (red or black), on the high or low number range, or on even or odd.
3. Different types of bets can also be combined with one another. The stakes are higher, but the chances of winning are also high.

The course of the game

The sequence of a round of roulette looks like this:

Step 1: You and all other players place their tokens on the tableau depending on the desired betting combination – on individual numbers, on one of the colors, or on the even or odd field.

Step 2: Alternatively, you can bet on a line or the intersection between numbers to expand the betting range (see graphic below). In this case, the payout percentage is higher, but the chance of winning is lower. You can read more about betting options, payout percentages and chances of winning in the Roulette betting options section or at the bottom of the Roulette glossary .

Step 3: When all bets are placed, the roulette wheel is spun in one direction and the ball is thrown in the opposite direction. In online roulette, the player can usually start the round himself by clicking a button.

Step 4: The players can change their bets even after throwing the ball.

Step 5: If the ball slowly moves towards the number slots, the croupier rejects it: “Nothing works anymore” (French: “Rien ne va plus”). From now on, the chips may not be moved and new bets may not be placed.

Step 6: As soon as the ball stops in one of the compartments, the croupier shows the winning number on the tableau with his rake (French: “Rateau”) or the software marks the number.

Step 7: Now the croupier collects the losing bets and pays out the winners. When you play roulette online, all of this happens automatically.

What is the bank edge in roulette?

In European roulette with a zero, the bank advantage is 2.7%. In American roulette with zero and double zero, it is 5.26%. The bank advantage results from the zeros – otherwise you would have a simple 50:50 chance if you bet on red / black, high / low or even / odd. In the table above you can see the different betting options with the respective chances of winning in European and American roulette in a direct comparison. The different house edge is also the reason why we would always recommend European roulette.

Stop when it’s at its best – why so many lose at online roulette

• In the long run, the bank always wins. Neither real casinos nor online casinos could exist if they did not have the advantage. So keep in mind that the probabilities run against you in the long run.
• It is not recommended to change a strategy in the middle of the game. A messy and arbitrary style will end up costing you all of your capital.
• Impatient players chasing after their losses have poor prospects. As stated earlier, organization, patience, and mindfulness are key skills to successfully playing roulette.
• If you want to play successfully, you have to show courage. But don’t confuse courage with daring! It is brave to hold back during a streak of bad luck and play with small stakes, even when the other players are just clearing away. On the other hand, it is daring to want to recover lost bets as quickly as possible without thinking.

Everyone has to find their own strategy. Pick a roulette system that suits your capital, risk tolerance, style of play and goals. Take a look at the best roulette strategies and try them out with the roulette strategy simulator.

Roulette system / betting options

There are two types of betting options in roulette: single and multiple odds. The simple chances include those bets where you get paid 1: 1 if you win: So these are red or black, even or odd and high or low. With multiple chances, on the other hand, you always bet on a combination of different numbers.

The easy odds in roulette

• Rouge: all red
• Noir: all black numbers
• Manque: low, all numbers between 1 and 18
• Pass: high, all numbers between 19 and 36
• Impair: odd, all odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 etc.)
• Pair: even, all even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 etc.)

The multiple chances of roulette

• Plein: a single number between 0 and 36; Payout ratio 35: 1
• Cheval: two adjacent numbers on the tableau; Payout ratio 17: 1
• Transversale pleine: three numbers in a transverse row; Payout ratio 11: 1
• Les trois premiers: the first three numbers, i.e. 0, 1 and 2; Payout ratio 11: 1
• Carré: four adjacent numbers on the tableau; Payout ratio 8: 1
• Les quatre premiers: the first four numbers, i.e. 0, 1, 2 and 3; Payout ratio 8: 1
• Transversale simple: six numbers from two consecutive transverse rows; Payout ratio 5: 1
• Douzaines: one of the three dozen (1 – 12, 13 – 24 or 25 – 36); Payout ratio 2: 1
• Colonnes: one of the three columns with 12 numbers each; Payout ratio 2: 1

Play roulette and win?

Here are some of the most common tactics and strategies you can use to legally win playing roulette online.

The throwing distance game

In the throwing distance game, the player analyzes the croupier’s throwing technique (also known as the croupier’s signature). With a uniform throwing style, the distance between the point where the ball is thrown and the segment it lands on is roughly the same. In such a case you try to predict in which area the ball will land and place your bet accordingly. If this succeeds, it is possible to beat the bank and guarantee a positive outcome for you. With regular online roulette it is of course not possible to use this technique, but some casinos also offer roulette with live dealers who you can watch with a camera as they are thrown.

The physical method

As early as the 1970s, the American math genius Doyne Farmer investigated the physical laws of playing roulette.

A more recent study by Michael Small and Michael Tse, published in the magazine Chaos , creates statistical models that could help calculate the destination of the roulette ball. The calculation takes into account the speed and trajectory of the bullet, values ​​that are determined using high-speed cameras. While the speed of the ball and roulette wheel can be calculated, it is almost impossible to predict the course of the ball when it comes close to the compartments.

Using a manual method, however, the study’s authors were able to predict almost exactly which half of the circle the ball would land on, and for some throws they were even able to predict the correct number. This caused a significant improvement in the player’s chances of winning.

The authors claim that there have been gamers who tried to apply their research results in practice. Doing so would be against both casino rules and the law. In this respect, such strategies are not advisable in real gambling halls and also in live casino games. Even if it worked, you could lose a lot more money than just your chips …

Win with chaos theory at roulette

Chaos theory is one of the most fascinating and complex scientific hypotheses of all. In the context of roulette, one thing is certain: all the player needs is a statistical advantage over the bank. No matter how small that head start, in time it will turn out to be profitable.

Applied to live casino roulette, chaos theory has some similarities to the physical method discussed above. A player looking for a statistical advantage in the seemingly chaotically spinning roulette wheel has to examine various factors: the exact throwing position of the ball, the speed of rotation of the wheel and ball, and any tendencies that the results of the previous rounds show.

With all this data taken together, in theory there is a statistical advantage. This study by Mark Anthony Howe, published in 1994 , is recommended to anyone who wants to understand the physical aspects and chaos theory in connection with roulette .

Isn’t it all a bit too scientific for you? Then read the chapter on Roulette Strategies where we examine more user-friendly tactics and systems that can help you win at roulette.

The standard deviation

In playing roulette, nothing is based on pure chance. There are also certain roulette theories. Often times, players feel like they’ll beat the bank. This impression is confirmed in theory by the standard deviation (SD for short). The standard deviation in roulette can be determined using the binomial distribution (assuming 1 unit = profit and 0 units = loss). The idea behind this is that the results follow the standard distribution curve over a large number of rounds.

For the binomial distribution, the standard deviation is equal to √ npq , where:

• n = number of repetitions (e.g. 100 or 10,000)
• p = probability of success (48.65% per round in European roulette)
• q = probability of loss (51.35% per round)

After a high number of rounds ( n ), the distribution of the results will come closer and closer to the theoretical distribution curve. This provides a good basis for predicting possible gains or losses – at least in theory, because in practice too many throws are necessary for this.

Let us illustrate this with an example: Assuming after 1000 rounds the ball landed on red in 55% of the cases – that would be relatively far from the predicted 48.65%. Theoretically, this means that you should start betting on black, since the normal distribution of the results after a high number of rounds is 48.65% red, 48.65% black and 2.70% green. In other words, if you notice that one color is dominating the other and that the roulette wheel is “in debt”, it is to be expected that sooner or later the results will align again.

Key Techniques to Win at Online Roulette

On the other hand, if no one ever won roulette, then no one would play either, so the casinos went broke. That in turn means that someone has to win! In addition to the admittedly rather complicated information about chaos theory, the physics of the roulette wheel and standard deviation, there are also some very simple roulette techniques that any player can use to come close to the perfect roulette strategy .

Those players who win more than they lose at roulette usually follow these three rules of perfect roulette strategy . You can combine these techniques with any of the strategies we explain in the chapter on roulette strategies , including Martingale , D’Alembert , Fibonacci and Labouchere .

The three secrets of the perfect roulette strategy

1. The 50/50 approach – Better safe than sorry

You may be playing for exercise or to gain a better understanding of the parabolic long-term curve of roulette results. In this case you should stick to the simple chances and play with small stakes. So you don’t lose everything before you really start. On the days when you play harder and really want to invest time, you can then switch to your standard strategy. The goal should not be to win as quickly as possible, but to win permanently. You have to be willing to vary your game strategy and be flexible if necessary.

2. Single vs. multiple chances

Some experienced players, who have already acquired a great deal of knowledge of the statistical framework, swear by betting only on the multiple chances because of the higher payout percentages and the more exciting course of the game.

On the other hand, casual gamers who are still in the learning process should stick to the simple chances with their clear chances of winning for the time being. Only when you can muster the necessary patience, numerical understanding, control over your stakes and a sufficiently large capital , do the multiple opportunities offer the potentially higher return, but always a greater risk.

3. Management of capital

Never get hectic or impatient – otherwise you will lose your capital before you even get a chance with the best roulette strategy. And whatever happens, never chase after your losses suffered! Roulette is and will remain a game of chance and no one can predict short-term results. However, losing money is avoidable by reading this article on how to make £100 a day each and every single day.

The size of your bets should always be chosen according to your possibilities. This allows you to survive unavoidable bad luck without major damage. And even if the tide turns, keep your stable betting profile. To be successful at roulette is like a race between a rabbit and a hedgehog – it can happen that the rabbit collapses before the home stretch and dies.

There will be days when luck isn’t by your side. It is precisely then that the successful roulette player takes a step back in order to keep his losses as low as possible.

Roulette online: platforms, operators and licenses

Roulette software developer

The online roulette software industry is dominated by 10-20 major manufacturers, with Playtech, based in Tel Aviv, being the market leader. Other well-known operators are NetEnt, Microgaming, Nyx, Openbet, IGT and Williams Interactive. The vast majority of online roulette games have been developed by one of these companies. They all have corresponding gambling licenses from recognized entities of the so-called white list, so that your money is guaranteed to be safe there.

Gambling Licenses and Regulation

In order to operate a legal, regulated online roulette business in European markets, the provider must have a license from a recognized jurisdiction. Below is a list of what we believe to be the best licenses, divided into two qualitative categories. Before you transfer money to a player’s account in order to be able to play roulette online, we recommend checking whether the respective provider has one of these licenses, whereby those from the first category are preferred.

Category 1: Licenses for online gambling

1. Great Britain
2. Alderney
3. The Isle of Man
4. Malta

Category 2: Licenses for online gambling

1. Netherlands Antilles / Curacao
2. Costa Rica
3. Kahnawake

The best roulette strategies

The Martingale Roulette System

The Martingale strategy (sometimes also called Mayer Technique) is based on a comprehensible question: How can a gambler, a bettor or a trader guarantee that he will make a profit with his investment – regardless of market developments? It’s simple: you double your bets until you win, because that way you make up for your lost bets again and again. Theoretically, there is a 100% chance of winning when using the Martingale strategy. However, whoever uses them must have an infinitely large capital. In theory this system is perfect, but in reality it is more than flawed.

Due to the mathematical success rate of the Martingale strategy, casinos are forced to set table limits. This is the only way to prevent players from using this strategy on a large scale. But even if the table limits were infinite, sooner or later you would suffer the total loss of your capital and no longer be able to double your stake. For example, if you bet € 5 on red and then appear black 13 times in a row (which happens more often than you think), if you double it after every lost round, you’d have to place a stake of € 40,960 to continue playing.

The reverse Martingale strategy

According to the reverse Martingale strategy, the stakes are doubled for every win, until a loss occurs. In the long run, just as risky as the classic Martingale, but this system has one decisive advantage. To put it in Kenny Roger’s words: “You’ve got to know when to hold ’em, know when to fold’ em, know when to walk away, know when to run” (from his song “The Gambler”). What does that mean? If doubling goes well, then you should get out, because it won’t go on forever.

The D’Alembert Roulette System

The D’Alembert roulette system is named after the French Jean-Baptiste le Rond d’Alembert. He suspected that a tossed coin that landed on its head had a higher probability of landing on a tails the next time it was tossed – an assumption that, as we now know, is not true. According to the D’Alembert system, for example, you bet € 5 on one of the easy chances. If you win, the stake for the next round remains the same. If you lose, you increase your stake by € 5 again.

So suppose you lose the first round, you would then bet € 10. If you then lose another time, you bet € 15, so you always raise your original bet.

If you win, you reduce your stake by one unit, in this example € 5, but never go below your original stake. So € 5 remains the minimum bet in each round.

In theory, with this system you always gain as much as you lose. If that works out in practice, you should have made a profit by the end of the game. As with the Martingale, when using the D’Alembert strategy it is an absolute prerequisite to always maintain control over the capital in order to prevent a total loss from being suffered in a losing streak.

The Contre D’Alembert System

With the Contre D’Alembert system, too, you only rely on the simple chances, i.e. red / black, high / low or even / odd. Similar to the reverse Martingale strategy, here you double your stake after every round you win, but halve it after a loss. For example, if your stake was € 20, you would wager € 40 after winning and only € 10 after losing a round. It is a simple principle, but it is not infallible. However, with a good run it can be very profitable.

The Fibonacci Roulette System

The Fibonacci Roulette System is a simple way to put one of the most impressive mathematical formulas into practice. You can see how natural symmetry works in the snail-shaped diagram (nautilus shell). Applied as a roulette system, it works like this:

You start on the second “1” in the row, i.e. on the left. First you bet 1 € (or one unit, depending on the size of your capital). If you lose this round, you move one space along the curve, counterclockwise. So you land on the “2”. If you win against it, you go back two spaces – this time clockwise. In that case you would have completed the sequence.

The size of your bet is made up of the sum of the two fields on the left of the sequence:

• If you are on the “2”, you bet 2 € (1 + 1)
• If you are on the “21”, you bet € 21 (8 + 13)
• If you are on the “377”, you bet 377 € (144 + 233)

The goal is to keep moving clockwise until you get to the first number in the sequence, i.e. the right of the two ones. If you did that, you made a profit of € 1. Now you start a new series – starting again with the second “1”.

The reverse Fibonacci system

This system, similar to the reverse Martingale and Contre D’Alembert , simply reverses the Fibonacci sequence. In our opinion, however, this is not a valid or promising strategy. Check out the video about the reverse Fibonacci strategy:

The Labouchere Roulette System

The Labouchere Roulette System also places a bet on the simple chances, e.g. red / black or even / odd. In order to be able to use the Labouchere system, you have to write down a series of numbers.

For example: if your goal is to win € 20, you need to divide that amount into five segments and write them down. These segments could be:

3 4 6 4 3

Now you take the first and the last number in your row, add them up and place your bet equal to the amount. In this case the stake would be 6 €. Then, if you win, you cross the first and last numbers off your list, leaving three numbers:

4 6 4

In the next round you repeat the procedure and add the first and last number again. 4 + 4 equals 8, so now you bet € 8 on one of the easy chances. If you are successful again, the 6 remains on your list, so that you then place a last 6 € bet accordingly.

If you are particularly lucky and win this round again, you have used all the numbers in your row and played through the system. You have now won your desired € 20.

The reverse Labouchere system

As with other popular systems, in contrast to the regular Labouchere system, it is not primarily about making high profits, but rather about keeping losses as small as possible.

We take the same series of numbers from the example above: 3 4 6 4 3. The sum of the first and the last number determines the size of the bet.
So the first bet is € 6, and if you win, write 6 at the end of your sequence of numbers. If you lose, you delete the first and last number:

• If you win, you have this series of numbers: 3 4 6 4 3 6
• And if you lose, this: 4 6 4

If all the numbers are crossed out, you’ve lost. Now you start with a new row of numbers. It is also important that you stop when you have won a certain predetermined amount.

Oscar’s Grind

The American writer Allan Wilson first described the ‘Oscar’s Grind’ system after meeting a roulette player whose system was based on never betting too high – so he made a small profit every day. This system is also based on the simple chances and should be used in European roulette, since the player’s chances of winning against the bank are highest here.

The Oscar’s Grind System works like this: You bet € 1 and stick with that bet until you lose, then you increase your stake to € 2. Now your stake remains at € 2 until you have made a net profit (you have to include any lost stakes here). Then you go back down to € 1 or, if you have lost several times in a row and then won, you increase to € 3.

The goal is to make exactly € 1 profit after each series of rounds – no more and no less. This may not sound very exciting, but it’s solid. Many players swear by exactly this safe and stable system in order to achieve a slow but reliable improvement of their capital.

In practice, an Oscar’s Grind game with starting capital of € 100 could look something like this:

Wagered € 1 and won: You have now made a € 1 profit. It starts all over again, so you stick to your stake of € 1.

Wagered € 1 and lost : Now you keep wagering € 1 until you win, then you raise to € 2.

With a longer series of losses and then a profit of € 1, you increase to € 2. If you then win again, the series is not over, because your balance sheet is still negative. That means you keep increasing to € 3. If necessary, you have to increase further to € 4, € 5, etc. – until you have made up all the losses in the entire series and made a profit of € 1.

If you have lost all your capital of € 100 in this case, the game is over for you. Game over. But if you are lucky – and don’t forget that this is a bit of a cumbersome system – you will make a profit, as each series ends with a + € 1. You have to decide every time whether you want to start a new series with € 1 or whether you prefer to stop.

The Paroli system

With the Paroli system, too, you rely on the simple chances. This strategy is very easy to use, and while it will not generate any winnings equal to a lottery win, it is a useful aid in managing your capital: lucky streaks are exploited while poor runs result in minimal losses.

We’ll explain the Paroli system again using an example: Imagine you have a starting capital of € 200 and you are playing with a standard stake of € 5.

If you lose in the first round, you will keep the same stake of € 5. After every round that you win, you double your stake and if you lose, you go back to your starting stake of € 5.

Here comes what distinguishes the Paroli system from others that work similarly: If you have won three times in a row, you go back to your original € 5 bet.

The Paroli system is based on probabilities and on the fact that lucky streaks are usually shorter than one hopes as a player. This strategy forces you to quit, even if you run well, before you lose your winnings again.

Cover the tableau

As the name suggests, this strategy is about guaranteeing a win on almost every round. With your stake you simply do not cover all, but most of the betting options on the tableau. There are two obvious flaws with this type of setting:

1. If you win, it will be little because you have invested a lot in stakes.
2. If you lose, you lose a lot at once.

In other words: This strategy is neither a tactically smart nor a sensible roulette strategy. It should be reserved for Las Vegas tourists who have too few chips and too many mojitos.

Mass égale

The mass égale strategy, best used when betting on multiple chances, is quickly understood: the stake always remains the same. Maybe you have the feeling that certain numbers could bring you particularly good luck on a game day – then the mass égale system helps.

Roulette bots

In order to win permanently at roulette, the player must be able to overcome the bank advantage. Some players believe that with technical help they can increase their chances. Mostly they use so-called roulette bots for this. These “software robots” run while you play on your computer or tablet and calculate the perfect roulette strategy in real time. They use factors such as the amount of your capital and the table limits and the general course of the game to suggest the best betting strategy for you. Roulette bots try to use roulette algorithms in order to be able to predict the results of the next rounds (you can find more information about the algorithms below).

One of the most popular examples is the Roulette Bot Pro. There five different and independent betting methods are used to improve the gameplay for the player. The software works as follows:

Method 1 – “Sleepers”: The player chooses his desired chance (eg a number). The software now waits a certain number of rounds (determined by the player) in which this chance was not hit, and then bets on it. She uses either the Martingale or another progression set by the player.

Method 2 – “Reverse Sleepers”: The software waits for a certain number of rounds (determined by the player) in which a certain result has been achieved, and then counts on all other chances except the one that was repeated before. Here, too, either the Martingale or an individual progression is used.

Method 3 – “Super Singles”: Here a constant stake calculated by the software is made without progression to individual numbers. With this method, a number of rounds specified by the player is awaited. Then he bets on numbers specified by the player, as a sleeper, repeater or a combination of both, until the player wins and a certain, fixed number of rounds.

Method 4 – “Proportion Probability”: Using a special method, the software records numbers that have fallen and calculates the expected results. If after this calculation a certain percentage chance of winning is reached, a bet is made.

Method 5 – “Progression Recovery”: This option can only be used in conjunction with the “Reverse Sleepers” system. It allows you to win back any lost bet over a certain number of rounds set by the player.

Of course, roulette bots cannot guarantee constant winnings either – otherwise roulette would have long since died out as a game of chance. But maybe one or the other player can use such software as a support to deal well with his capital and his game strategy.

Roulette algorithms

One can delve into the science of the ball’s trajectory and trajectory, or the mechanics of the wheel’s rotation – all of this information may be interesting, but not really helpful when it comes to playing roulette online.